Cytochrome c oxidase is the protein that binds the O 2 between a copper and an iron the protein transfers 4 electrons to the O 2 molecule to reduce it to two molecules of water. In mitochondria, it is found in cytochrome c oxidase, which is the last protein in oxidative phosphorylation. Copper is essential in the aerobic respiration of all eukaryotes. Standards adopted by some nations recommend different copper intake levels for adults, pregnant women, infants, and children, corresponding to the varying need for copper during different stages of life.Ĭopper proteins have diverse roles in biological electron transport and oxygen transportation, processes that exploit the easy interconversion of Cu(I) and Cu(II). However, like all essential elements and nutrients, too much or too little nutritional ingestion of copper can result in a corresponding condition of copper excess or deficiency in the body, each of which has its own unique set of adverse health effects.ĭaily dietary standards for copper have been set by various health agencies around the world. The human body has complex homeostatic mechanisms which attempt to ensure a constant supply of available copper, while eliminating excess copper whenever this occurs. In humans, copper is essential to the proper functioning of organs and metabolic processes.
Cu = copper, CP = ceruloplasmin, green = ATP7B carrying copper.Ĭopper is an essential trace element that is vital to the health of all living things (plants, animals and microorganisms). Normal absorption and distribution of copper.
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